Saturday, February 5, 2011
MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that executes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logical operation. so, it is known as the brain of the computer. it is formed on a single chip. a circuitry of microprocessor contains millions of tiny electronic components. The capability of a micro processor increases as the number of electronic components in the microprocessor increases. more electronic components deposited in a single chip means more number of instruction set in it. The instruction set of a micro processor contains all the command or instructions that it can understand and work on.
The first microprocessor 'Intel4004' which was developed by Mercian Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation in 1971AD contained 2300 transistors on it. the Intel 4004 could execute only a few instructions and manipulate only tiny amount of data at a time. the new Pentium microprocessor contains more than 3.3 millions transistors on it. the speed of a computer depends mainly upon its microprocessor.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that executes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logical operation. so, it is known as the brain of the computer. it is formed on a single chip. a circuitry of microprocessor contains millions of tiny electronic components. The capability of a micro processor increases as the number of electronic components in the microprocessor increases. more electronic components deposited in a single chip means more number of instruction set in it. The instruction set of a micro processor contains all the command or instructions that it can understand and work on.
The first microprocessor 'Intel4004' which was developed by Mercian Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation in 1971AD contained 2300 transistors on it. the Intel 4004 could execute only a few instructions and manipulate only tiny amount of data at a time. the new Pentium microprocessor contains more than 3.3 millions transistors on it. the speed of a computer depends mainly upon its microprocessor.
RAM
RAM
RAM is a semiconductor memory that stores data, instructions or programs temporarily. it is made up of several small storage areas called locations or cells. each cell has a unique number assigned to it and is called the address of the cell. The cell address or memory address is used to identify the cells. each cell can store one character or one byte of data. the cells(i.e. content) of RAM can be accessed at random order. so, it is called Random Accessed Memory.
It stores:
1. Data and instructions that are currently being used by the computer,
2. The processed Data and
3. Currently running programs.
These data, instructions or programs are erased from the RAM when the computer is turned off. Hence it is also called volatile or temporary memory. As it allows reading its contents and writing on it, it is also called Read/Write Memory. Higher RAM enables a computer to handle longer and complex programs, and enhances their ability to handle graphics and animation.
RAM is a semiconductor memory that stores data, instructions or programs temporarily. it is made up of several small storage areas called locations or cells. each cell has a unique number assigned to it and is called the address of the cell. The cell address or memory address is used to identify the cells. each cell can store one character or one byte of data. the cells(i.e. content) of RAM can be accessed at random order. so, it is called Random Accessed Memory.
It stores:
1. Data and instructions that are currently being used by the computer,
2. The processed Data and
3. Currently running programs.
These data, instructions or programs are erased from the RAM when the computer is turned off. Hence it is also called volatile or temporary memory. As it allows reading its contents and writing on it, it is also called Read/Write Memory. Higher RAM enables a computer to handle longer and complex programs, and enhances their ability to handle graphics and animation.
computer
computer is an electronic device,without curent passing the computer can't running.
it is a portable device,now a days it is become a special parts of human life.
there are some parts of comuter which help to run computer very efficiently.some are as follows;
There is a system of input processing&output.
Input means input the data to the computer system,which gives actual meaning.so it is factful.
Some input devices are as follows;
1. mouse
2. keyboard
3. microphone
4. pendrive
processing devices is(CPU).
THIS UNIT process the data very systematically.and ready to represent data as output
Some output devices are as follow;
• printer
• plotter
• monitor
• projector
this devices are used to present the result as a output.the result ought to be meaningful&factful
there are three types of memory of computer system;
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
3. Cache memory
primary memory is two types;
1. Read only memory(ROM)
2. Random Access Memory(RAM)
There are three types of ROM;
1. PROM(programmeable read only memory)
2. EPROM(eraseable programmable read only memory)
3. EEPROM(electrically programmable read only memory)
MAGNETIC TAPE
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is a secondary storage device that store a large volume of data,information or programs permanently on the magnet coated surface.it is available in the form of a large reel, a small cartridge and cassette.however packaged, is made up of plastic strip of which one surface is coated with magnetic materials(iron oxide).it is half inches wide and 50 to 2400 ft long.the tape is divided into vertical columns called frames and horizontal rows called tracks or channels.data are stored on the tape in the form of tiny invisible magnetized and non magnetized spots(representing 1's and 0's)on the magnetic coated surface in sequential tracks along the length of the tape.hence data,information or programs stores on a magnetic tape can be accessed in a sequential storage device.A magnetic tape drive is require to read or write data in a magnetic tape.A magnetic tape is inexpensive so it is specially used in minicomputer and mainframe computer where a large volume of data is needed to store.
Magnetic tape is a secondary storage device that store a large volume of data,information or programs permanently on the magnet coated surface.it is available in the form of a large reel, a small cartridge and cassette.however packaged, is made up of plastic strip of which one surface is coated with magnetic materials(iron oxide).it is half inches wide and 50 to 2400 ft long.the tape is divided into vertical columns called frames and horizontal rows called tracks or channels.data are stored on the tape in the form of tiny invisible magnetized and non magnetized spots(representing 1's and 0's)on the magnetic coated surface in sequential tracks along the length of the tape.hence data,information or programs stores on a magnetic tape can be accessed in a sequential storage device.A magnetic tape drive is require to read or write data in a magnetic tape.A magnetic tape is inexpensive so it is specially used in minicomputer and mainframe computer where a large volume of data is needed to store.
CPU
CPU
The central processing unit(CPU)is the brain of the computer system. Microprocessor and internal memory (RAM) of the computer is collectedly called the central processing unit. it is the part of computer system that interpret and executes program instructions. it work with operating system and execute a set of instructions and controls different peripheral devices by sending and receiving control signals. The CPU also control the flow of data by directing the data to entre the system, placing data in the memory, sending the data to ALU for the processing and directing the output of information. the three main component of CPU are:
1. The Memory Unit
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Control unit
the memory unit or primary memory(RAM)is the part of the computer where instructions(program)and data to be used by the computer are stored temporarily.
Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)is the part of CPU where all the processing tasks are actually performed.
The central processing unit(CPU)is the brain of the computer system. Microprocessor and internal memory (RAM) of the computer is collectedly called the central processing unit. it is the part of computer system that interpret and executes program instructions. it work with operating system and execute a set of instructions and controls different peripheral devices by sending and receiving control signals. The CPU also control the flow of data by directing the data to entre the system, placing data in the memory, sending the data to ALU for the processing and directing the output of information. the three main component of CPU are:
1. The Memory Unit
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Control unit
the memory unit or primary memory(RAM)is the part of the computer where instructions(program)and data to be used by the computer are stored temporarily.
Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)is the part of CPU where all the processing tasks are actually performed.
optical storage device
Optical Storage Device
Optical storage devices are devices that use laser light technology to retrieve and store data.
CD-ROM drives,CD-RW drives,Combo drives and DVD RW drives are the most popular optical storage devices.An optical disk is used in the optical storage drive.an optical disc is a circular disk made up of rigid plastic and is coated with a thin metal or other highly reflecting material.while writing data,high intensity laser beam is focused on the metal coated surface of the optical disk and it forms tiny holes(or pits)on the metal coated surface of the disk along its tracks.a pit represent a value of 1 and a flat spot or land represents a value of 0.while reading,low intensity laser beam is focused on the disk surface and the reflected laser is sensed by photodiode.the intensity of reflected laser beam from the pits is weak and is high from the flat spots.these high and low patterns of the reflected laser beam are sense by photodiode and are converted into electronic signals. the most commonly used optical disks are CD-ROM,CD-RW andDVD-ROM.
Optical storage devices are devices that use laser light technology to retrieve and store data.
CD-ROM drives,CD-RW drives,Combo drives and DVD RW drives are the most popular optical storage devices.An optical disk is used in the optical storage drive.an optical disc is a circular disk made up of rigid plastic and is coated with a thin metal or other highly reflecting material.while writing data,high intensity laser beam is focused on the metal coated surface of the optical disk and it forms tiny holes(or pits)on the metal coated surface of the disk along its tracks.a pit represent a value of 1 and a flat spot or land represents a value of 0.while reading,low intensity laser beam is focused on the disk surface and the reflected laser is sensed by photodiode.the intensity of reflected laser beam from the pits is weak and is high from the flat spots.these high and low patterns of the reflected laser beam are sense by photodiode and are converted into electronic signals. the most commonly used optical disks are CD-ROM,CD-RW andDVD-ROM.
hard disk
Hard Disk
Hard disks are commonly used secondary storage device in microcomputers. Hard Disk stores large amount of data,information or programs permanently.since,it is fixed inside the system unit,it is called fixed disk.
It is amagnetic disk type storage device.it consists of one or more metal disks or platter coated with magnetic material.the magnetic disk or platters are mounted with a common spindle. a hard disk may have more than one access Arm(Actuator)depending upon the numbers of platters.there is a Read/Write head on each access Arm to access data from each disk surface.when data has to be accessed ,the spindles rotates,which in turns rotates platters and the R/W head moves inward and outwards to locate the data.these platters and Read/Writeheads are enclosed inside a sealed dust free compartment.since a hard disk has huge storage capacity and it is reaiable and durable,so the hard disk is also used as a back up storage device.
Hard disks are commonly used secondary storage device in microcomputers. Hard Disk stores large amount of data,information or programs permanently.since,it is fixed inside the system unit,it is called fixed disk.
It is amagnetic disk type storage device.it consists of one or more metal disks or platter coated with magnetic material.the magnetic disk or platters are mounted with a common spindle. a hard disk may have more than one access Arm(Actuator)depending upon the numbers of platters.there is a Read/Write head on each access Arm to access data from each disk surface.when data has to be accessed ,the spindles rotates,which in turns rotates platters and the R/W head moves inward and outwards to locate the data.these platters and Read/Writeheads are enclosed inside a sealed dust free compartment.since a hard disk has huge storage capacity and it is reaiable and durable,so the hard disk is also used as a back up storage device.
floppy disk
Floppy Disk
A floppy disk or diskette is a portable storage device that stores data permanently.it is a magnetic disk made up of plastic coated with magnetic material.the disk is sealed in a square shaped protective jacket to protect it from scratches,dust and other environmental factors.to access the data from the floppf disk,a floppy disk drive is required.when a floppy disk is inserted inside the the floppy disk drive,the floppy disk rotates at the speed of 300 revolution per minute and the data has to be accessed.there are mainly two types of floppy disks:
1. Mini floppy disk(5 ¼ inch in diameter)
2. Micro floppy disk(3 ½ inch in diameter)
A mini floppy disk is of 5.25 by 5.25 inches diameter.there is a large circular hole at the center of a mini floppy disk. this large disk hole is called the drive spindle hole.
Amicro floppy is a magnetic disk of 3.5 by 3.5 inches diameter.it is kept in a small square hard plastic envelope.
A floppy disk or diskette is a portable storage device that stores data permanently.it is a magnetic disk made up of plastic coated with magnetic material.the disk is sealed in a square shaped protective jacket to protect it from scratches,dust and other environmental factors.to access the data from the floppf disk,a floppy disk drive is required.when a floppy disk is inserted inside the the floppy disk drive,the floppy disk rotates at the speed of 300 revolution per minute and the data has to be accessed.there are mainly two types of floppy disks:
1. Mini floppy disk(5 ¼ inch in diameter)
2. Micro floppy disk(3 ½ inch in diameter)
A mini floppy disk is of 5.25 by 5.25 inches diameter.there is a large circular hole at the center of a mini floppy disk. this large disk hole is called the drive spindle hole.
Amicro floppy is a magnetic disk of 3.5 by 3.5 inches diameter.it is kept in a small square hard plastic envelope.
ram
RAM
RAM is a semiconductor memory that stores data, instructions or programs temporarily. it is made up of several small storage areas called locations or cells. each cell has a unique number assigned to it and is called the address of the cell. The cell address or memory address is used to identify the cells. each cell can store one character or one byte of data. the cells(i.e. content) of RAM can be accessed at random order. so, it is called Random Accessed Memory.
It stores:
1. Data and instructions that are currently being used by the computer,
2. The processed Data and
3. Currently running programs.
These data, instructions or programs are erased from the RAM when the computer is turned off. Hence it is also called volatile or temporary memory. As it allows reading its contents and writing on it, it is also called Read/Write Memory. Higher RAM enables a computer to handle longer and complex programs, and enhances their ability to handle graphics and animation.
RAM is a semiconductor memory that stores data, instructions or programs temporarily. it is made up of several small storage areas called locations or cells. each cell has a unique number assigned to it and is called the address of the cell. The cell address or memory address is used to identify the cells. each cell can store one character or one byte of data. the cells(i.e. content) of RAM can be accessed at random order. so, it is called Random Accessed Memory.
It stores:
1. Data and instructions that are currently being used by the computer,
2. The processed Data and
3. Currently running programs.
These data, instructions or programs are erased from the RAM when the computer is turned off. Hence it is also called volatile or temporary memory. As it allows reading its contents and writing on it, it is also called Read/Write Memory. Higher RAM enables a computer to handle longer and complex programs, and enhances their ability to handle graphics and animation.
micro processor
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that executes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logical operation. so, it is known as the brain of the computer. it is formed on a single chip. a circuitry of microprocessor contains millions of tiny electronic components. The capability of a micro processor increases as the number of electronic components in the microprocessor increases. more electronic components deposited in a single chip means more number of instruction set in it. The instruction set of a micro processor contains all the command or instructions that it can understand and work on.
The first microprocessor 'Intel4004' which was developed by Mercian Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation in 1971AD contained 2300 transistors on it. the Intel 4004 could execute only a few instructions and manipulate only tiny amount of data at a time. the new Pentium microprocessor contains more than 3.3 millions transistors on it. the speed of a computer depends mainly upon its microprocessor.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that executes instructions and carries out arithmetic and logical operation. so, it is known as the brain of the computer. it is formed on a single chip. a circuitry of microprocessor contains millions of tiny electronic components. The capability of a micro processor increases as the number of electronic components in the microprocessor increases. more electronic components deposited in a single chip means more number of instruction set in it. The instruction set of a micro processor contains all the command or instructions that it can understand and work on.
The first microprocessor 'Intel4004' which was developed by Mercian Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation in 1971AD contained 2300 transistors on it. the Intel 4004 could execute only a few instructions and manipulate only tiny amount of data at a time. the new Pentium microprocessor contains more than 3.3 millions transistors on it. the speed of a computer depends mainly upon its microprocessor.
Friday, February 4, 2011
rom
ROM
ROM also called CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)chip, is an internal memory of a computer which is on a motherboard. it contains BIOS (Basic Input Output System) program which is a bridge between motherboard and operating system. the basic program store in ROM is called firmware. the motherboard manufacturer store the firmware in ROM at the time of manufacturing mother board. the firm ware store in ROM can only be read by the CPU but can't be erased or rewritten. so, it is also called Read Only Memory. except the BIOS program, a computer need information of devices like keyboard ,mouse ,monitor, hard disk ,CD drive, ram etc. each and every time when it is turned on. so, these essential or necessary information are also stored in ROM chip later by the user themselves. these information are not erased when you turn off a computer.
when a computer is turned on, the BIOS program controls the computer.
ROM also called CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)chip, is an internal memory of a computer which is on a motherboard. it contains BIOS (Basic Input Output System) program which is a bridge between motherboard and operating system. the basic program store in ROM is called firmware. the motherboard manufacturer store the firmware in ROM at the time of manufacturing mother board. the firm ware store in ROM can only be read by the CPU but can't be erased or rewritten. so, it is also called Read Only Memory. except the BIOS program, a computer need information of devices like keyboard ,mouse ,monitor, hard disk ,CD drive, ram etc. each and every time when it is turned on. so, these essential or necessary information are also stored in ROM chip later by the user themselves. these information are not erased when you turn off a computer.
when a computer is turned on, the BIOS program controls the computer.
magnetic tape
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is a secondary storage device that store a large volume of data,information or programs permanently on the magnet coated surface.it is available in the form of a large reel, a small cartridge and cassette.however packaged, is made up of plastic strip of which one surface is coated with magnetic materials(iron oxide).it is half inches wide and 50 to 2400 ft long.the tape is divided into vertical columns called frames and horizontal rows called tracks or channels.data are stored on the tape in the form of tiny invisible magnetized and non magnetized spots(representing 1's and 0's)on the magnetic coated surface in sequential tracks along the length of the tape.hence data,information or programs stores on a magnetic tape can be accessed in a sequential storage device.A magnetic tape drive is require to read or write data in a magnetic tape.A magnetic tape is inexpensive so it is specially used in minicomputer and mainframe computer where a large volume of data is needed to store.
Magnetic tape is a secondary storage device that store a large volume of data,information or programs permanently on the magnet coated surface.it is available in the form of a large reel, a small cartridge and cassette.however packaged, is made up of plastic strip of which one surface is coated with magnetic materials(iron oxide).it is half inches wide and 50 to 2400 ft long.the tape is divided into vertical columns called frames and horizontal rows called tracks or channels.data are stored on the tape in the form of tiny invisible magnetized and non magnetized spots(representing 1's and 0's)on the magnetic coated surface in sequential tracks along the length of the tape.hence data,information or programs stores on a magnetic tape can be accessed in a sequential storage device.A magnetic tape drive is require to read or write data in a magnetic tape.A magnetic tape is inexpensive so it is specially used in minicomputer and mainframe computer where a large volume of data is needed to store.
mother board
Mother board
Mother board, the printed circuit board (PCB),is the main circuit board in a computer.
The motherboard is also called the system board. it contains computer chips and other electronic component which give functions to a computer. it also contains a microprocessor, ROM, RAM slots, cache memory, keyboard interface, the timing circuits, the real time clock circuit, disk drive interfaces, and the expansion slots. these all components are connected through the use of buses. The pathway that carry data on the motherboard are called buses.
The motherboard is the house of other circuit cards. None of the other circuit cards(daughter board or expansion board)can work without motherboard. one can insert an expansion board like sound card ,3D-graphic card, TV-card in the expansion slot in order to expand the capability of a computer.
The physical structure of the mother board has been changed over time but the logical structure has remained relatively constant.
Mother board, the printed circuit board (PCB),is the main circuit board in a computer.
The motherboard is also called the system board. it contains computer chips and other electronic component which give functions to a computer. it also contains a microprocessor, ROM, RAM slots, cache memory, keyboard interface, the timing circuits, the real time clock circuit, disk drive interfaces, and the expansion slots. these all components are connected through the use of buses. The pathway that carry data on the motherboard are called buses.
The motherboard is the house of other circuit cards. None of the other circuit cards(daughter board or expansion board)can work without motherboard. one can insert an expansion board like sound card ,3D-graphic card, TV-card in the expansion slot in order to expand the capability of a computer.
The physical structure of the mother board has been changed over time but the logical structure has remained relatively constant.
Thursday, February 3, 2011
cpu
CPU
The central processing unit(CPU)is the brain of the computer system. Microprocessor and internal memory (RAM) of the computer is collectedly called the central processing unit. it is the part of computer system that interpret and executes program instructions. it work with operating system and execute a set of instructions and controls different peripheral devices by sending and receiving control signals. The CPU also control the flow of data by directing the data to entre the system, placing data in the memory, sending the data to ALU for the processing and directing the output of information. the three main component of CPU are:
1. The Memory Unit
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Control unit
the memory unit or primary memory(RAM)is the part of the computer where instructions(program)and data to be used by the computer are stored temporarily.
Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)is the part of CPU where all the processing tasks are actually performed.
The central processing unit(CPU)is the brain of the computer system. Microprocessor and internal memory (RAM) of the computer is collectedly called the central processing unit. it is the part of computer system that interpret and executes program instructions. it work with operating system and execute a set of instructions and controls different peripheral devices by sending and receiving control signals. The CPU also control the flow of data by directing the data to entre the system, placing data in the memory, sending the data to ALU for the processing and directing the output of information. the three main component of CPU are:
1. The Memory Unit
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Control unit
the memory unit or primary memory(RAM)is the part of the computer where instructions(program)and data to be used by the computer are stored temporarily.
Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU)is the part of CPU where all the processing tasks are actually performed.
computer
COMPUTER
computer is an electronic device,without curent passing the computer can't running.
it is a portable device,now a days it is become a special parts of human life.
there are some parts of comuter which help to run computer very efficiently.some are as follows;
There is a system of input processing&output.
Input means input the data to the computer system,which gives actual meaning.so it is factful.
Some input devices are as follows;
1. mouse
2. keyboard
3. microphone
4. pendrive
processing devices is(CPU).
THIS UNIT process the data very systematically.and ready to represent data as output
Some output devices are as follow;
• printer
• plotter
• monitor
• projector
this devices are used to present the result as a output.the result ought to be meaningful&factful
there are three types of memory of computer system;
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
3. Cache memory
primary memory is two types;
1. Read only memory(ROM)
2. Random Access Memory(RAM)
There are three types of ROM;
1. PROM(programmeable read only memory)
2. EPROM(eraseable programmable read only memory)
3. EEPROM(electrically programmable read only memory)
computer is an electronic device,without curent passing the computer can't running.
it is a portable device,now a days it is become a special parts of human life.
there are some parts of comuter which help to run computer very efficiently.some are as follows;
There is a system of input processing&output.
Input means input the data to the computer system,which gives actual meaning.so it is factful.
Some input devices are as follows;
1. mouse
2. keyboard
3. microphone
4. pendrive
processing devices is(CPU).
THIS UNIT process the data very systematically.and ready to represent data as output
Some output devices are as follow;
• printer
• plotter
• monitor
• projector
this devices are used to present the result as a output.the result ought to be meaningful&factful
there are three types of memory of computer system;
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
3. Cache memory
primary memory is two types;
1. Read only memory(ROM)
2. Random Access Memory(RAM)
There are three types of ROM;
1. PROM(programmeable read only memory)
2. EPROM(eraseable programmable read only memory)
3. EEPROM(electrically programmable read only memory)
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